The Nature of Prejudice by Gordon W. Allport.

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The Nature of Prejudice (1954) by Gordon W. Allport.

Glossary of Cognitive Psychology: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z.

Sections:

1. Preferential Thinking: Chapters 1-5
2. Group Differences: Chapters 6-9
3. Perceiving and Thinking About Group Differences: Chapters 10-13
4. Sociocultural Factors: Chapters 14-16
5. Acquiring Prejudice: Chapters 17-20
6. The Dynamics of Prejudice: Chapters 21-24
7. Character Structure: Chapters 25-28
8. Reducing Group Tensions: Chapters 29-31
9. Index of Names
10. Index of Subjects

Chapters:

1. What is the problem: Includes cases and functional significance.
2. The normality of prejudice: Includes the process of categorization, conflict of categories with evidence, and relationship of personal values with prejudice.
3. Formation of in-groups: Includes the formation and re-formation of in-groups, and discussion of whether there can be an in-group without an out-group. Show its measurement by the social-distance scale invented by E.S. Bogardus, who:

   "asked respondents to indicate to which steps on the following scale they would admit members of various ethnic and national groups: to close kinship by marriage to my club of personal chums to my street as neighbors to employment in my occupation to citizenship in my country as visitors only to my country would exclude from my country"

4. Rejection of out-groups: Includes verbal rejection, discrimination, physical attack, lynching, and the essential role of rumor.
5. Patterning and extent of prejudice: Includes demographic variations in prejudice.

6. The scientific study of group differences: Includes methods of studying group differences, the types and degrees of differences found, and the interpretation of those differences.
7. Racial and ethnic differences: Includes racial differences and national characteristics.
8. Visibility and strangeness: Includes visibility degrees and the condensation of attitudes around visible cues
9. Traits due to victimization: Includes ego defenses, obsessive concern, clowning, cunning, fighting back, self-hate, sympathy, and neuroticism.

10. The cognitive process: Includes directed and autistic thinking, the principle of least effort, and the dynamics of cognition in the prejudiced personality.
11. Linguistic factors: Includes emotionally toned labels and symbol phobia.
12. Stereotypes in our cultures: Includes comparison of Jewish and Negro stereotypes as well as changes of stereotypes in time.
13. Theories of prejudice: Includes sociocultural emphasis, situational emphasis, psychodynamic emphasis, and phenomenological emphasis.

14. Social structure and cultural pattern: Includes heterogeneity, vertical mobility, and social regulations of aggression.
15. Choice of scapegoats: Includes meaning of scapegoats, the Jews and the Communists as scapegoats, and scapegoats for special occasions.
16. The effect of contact: Includes casual, residential, goodwill, and occupational contacts. Includes data showing the percent of US soldier with a favorable opinion of Germans three or four years after the end of World War Two was:
    • 36% among those that had never been in Germany,
    • 49% among those that were in Germany but reported no personal contact in the last 3 days,
    • increasing with hours of contact
    • 76% favorable to soldiers with personal contact of 5-plus hours with German civilians.

17. Conforming: Includes the neurosis of extreme conformity, the basic psychology of conformity, and conflict and rebellion.
18. The young child: Includes fear of the strange and the stages in learning prejudice.
19. Later learning: Includes selective perception and closure, caste and class, and conditioning.
20. Inner conflict: Includes the inner check and how the conflict is handled.

21. Frustration: Includes sources of and responses to frustration.
22. Aggression and hatred: Includes the nature of aggression and the nature of hatred.
23. Anxiety, sex, guilt: Includes self-esteem and sexuality.
24. Projection: Includes jealousy and repression.

25. The prejudiced personality: Includes authoritarianism, moralism, and ambivalence toward parents.
26. Demagogy: Includes paranoid bigotry.
27. The tolerant personality: Includes liberalism, radicalism, education, and tolerance for ambiguity.
28. Religion and prejudice: Includes realistic conflict, kinds of religiosity, and religion and character structure. Cites the presence of the Golden Rule in all great religious and quotes Booker T. Washington as saying:

    "I will not let any man reduce my soul to the level of hatred."

29. Ought there to be a law?: Includes history of legislation and whether legislation affects prejudice.
30. Evaluation of programs: Includes formal educational programs, catharsis, and group retraining.
31. Limitations and horizons: Includes special obstacles and the imperatives of intercultural education.

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